During the Spring and Autumn period （770－476BC）, the State of Wu launched an attack against the State of Yue. The King of Wu was seriously wounded and soon died. His son Fu Chai became the new King. Fu was determined1 to get revenge. He drilled his army rigidly2 until it was a perfect fighting force. Three years later, he led his army against the State of Yue and caught its king Gou Jian. Fu took him to the State of Wu.
In order to avenge3 his father's death, Fu let him live in a shabby stone house by his father's tomb and ordered him to raise horses for him. Gou pretended to be loyal to Fu but he never forgot his humiliation4. Many years later, he was set free. Gou secretly accumulated a military force after he went back to his own state. In order to make himself tougher he slept on firewood and ate a gall-bladder before having dinner and going to bed every night. At the same time he administered his state carefully, developing agriculture and educating the people. After a few years, his country became strong. Then Gou seized a favorable opportunity to wipe out the State of Wu.
Later, people use it to describe one who endures self-imposed hardships to strengthen one's resolve to realize one's ambition.
春秋时期，吴国和越国之间进行了一场战争，吴王不幸受了重伤，不久就去世了。他的儿子夫差作了吴国的新国王，他发誓要替爸爸报仇。于是，他严格的操练他的士兵，把他们练习成了一支很厉害的军队。三年将来，他对越国发动了战争，抓住了越王勾践，把他带回了吴国。
为了复仇，夫差让勾践住在他爸爸墓旁的破石屋里每天看墓、喂马。勾践表面上服从，心里面却想着复仇。几年将来，勾践被放回越国。他立刻开始秘密聚集一支军队。为了提醒自己不要忘了报仇，他睡在柴上，还天天在吃饭睡觉前尝一尝苦胆。同时，他专心治理国家，大力进步农业，加大民众教育。几年后，越国又变得强大起来，然后，勾践抓住一个适合的机会消灭了吴国。
后来，大家用它来形容人刻苦自励以达到自己定下的目的。
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